1. Structural influence of indole C5-N-substitutents on the cytotoxicity of seco-duocarmycin analogs
Taeyoung Choi, Eunsook Ma Arch Pharm Res . 2011 Mar;34(3):357-67. doi: 10.1007/s12272-011-0302-1.
A series of racemic indole C5-substituted seco-cyclopropylindoline compounds (2,3 and 5-7) were prepared by coupling 1-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-3-(chlorocarbonyl)indoline (seg-A) with 5,6,7-trimethoxy-, 5,6-dimethoxy-, 5-amino-, 5-methylsulfonylamino- and 5-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonylamino) indole-2-carboxylic acid as seg-B in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. The synthetic compounds (2,3 and 5-7) were tested for cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines (COLO 205, SK-MEL-2, A549, and JEG-3) using the MTT assay.
2. DNA sequence selective adenine alkylation, mechanism of adduct repair, and in vivo antitumor activity of the novel achiral seco-amino-cyclopropylbenz[e]indolone analogue of duocarmycin AS-I-145
Atsushi Sato, Konstantinos Kiakos, Tetsuji Asao, Peter J McHugh, John A Hartley, Moses Lee Mol Cancer Ther . 2007 Oct;6(10):2708-18. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0294.
AS-I-145 is a novel achiral seco-amino-cyclopropylbenz[e]indolone (seco-amino-CBI) analogue of duocarmycin that has evolved from an alternative strategy of designing CC-1065/duocarmycin agents lacking the characteristic chiral center of the natural agents. The sequence specificity of this compound was assessed by a Taq polymerase stop assay, identifying the sites of covalent modification on plasmid DNA. The adenine-N3 adducts were confirmed at AT-rich sequences using a thermally induced strand cleavage assay. These studies reveal that this compound retains the inherent sequence selectivity of the related natural compounds. The AS-I-145 sensitivity of yeast mutants deficient in excision and post-replication repair (PRR) pathways was assessed. The sensitivity profile suggests that the sequence-specific adenine-N3 adducts are substrates for nucleotide excision repair (NER) but not base excision repair (BER). Single-strand ligation PCR was employed to follow the induction and repair of the lesions at nucleotide resolution in yeast cells. Sequence specificity was preserved in intact cells, and adduct elimination occurred in a transcription-coupled manner and was dependent on a functional NER pathway and Rad18. The involvement of NER as the predominant excision pathway was confirmed in mammalian DNA repair mutant cells. AS-I-145 showed good in vivo antitumor activity in the National Cancer Institute standard hollow fiber assay and was active against the human breast MDA-MD-435 xenograft when administered i.v. or p.o. Its novel structure and in vivo activity renders AS-I-145 a new paradigm in the design of novel achiral analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins.
3. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Derived from Cytotoxic seco-CBI-Dimer Payloads Are Highly Efficacious in Xenograft Models and Form Protein Adducts In Vivo
Paul Polakis, Katherine R Kozak, Dian Su, Leanne Goon, Andrew G Polson, Peter Liu, Jintang He, Douglas Leipold, Richard Vandlen, Donglu Zhang, Carl Ng, Helen Davis, Peter S Dragovich, Rebecca K Rowntree, Gang Yan, Brian Safina, Donna Lee, Juanjuan Xue, Guo-Liang Lu, Fiona Zhong, Surinder Kaur, Amrita V Kamath, Ola Saad, Moana Tercel, Nicola J Stagg, Tao Wang, John Wai, Luna Liu, Thomas H Pillow, Keyang Xu, BinQing Wei, M Violet Lee, Josefa Dela Cruz-Chuh, Jinhua Chen, Isabel Figueroa, Jeffrey Lau, Ely Cosino, Breanna S Vollmar, Zijin Xu, Chris Nelson, Hui Yao, Shang-Fan Yu, Geoffrey Del Rosario Bioconjug Chem . 2019 May 15;30(5):1356-1370. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00133.
This work discloses the first examples of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that are constructed from linker-drugs bearing dimeric seco-CBI payloads (duocarmycin analogs). Several homogeneous, CD22-targeting THIOMAB antibody-drug conjugates (TDCs) containing the dimeric seco-CBI entities are shown to be highly efficacious in the WSU-DLCL2 and BJAB mouse xenograft models. Surprisingly, the seco-CBI-containing conjugates are also observed to undergo significant biotransformation in vivo in mice, rats, and monkeys and thereby form 1:1 adducts with the Alpha-1-Microglobulin (A1M) plasma protein from these species. Variation of both the payload mAb attachment site and length of the linker-drug is shown to alter the rates of adduct formation. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that adduct formation attenuates the in vitro antiproliferation activity of the affected seco-CBI-dimer TDCs, but does not significantly impact the in vivo efficacy of the conjugates. In vitro assays employing phosphatase-treated whole blood suggest that A1M adduct formation is likely to occur if the seco-CBI-dimer TDCs are administered to humans. Importantly, protein adduct formation leads to the underestimation of total antibody (Tab) concentrations using an ELISA assay but does not affect Tab values determined via an orthogonal LC-MS/MS method. Several recommendations regarding bioanalysis of future in vivo studies involving related seco-CBI-containing ADCs are provided based on these collective findings.
