1.Transfer functions of the conjugative integrating element pSAM2 from Streptomyces ambofaciens: characterization of a kil-kor system associated with transfer.
Hagège J;Pernodet JL;Sezonov G;Gerbaud C;Friedmann A;Guérineau M J Bacteriol. 1993 Sep;175(17):5529-38.
pSAM2 is an 11-kb integrating element from Streptomyces ambofaciens. During matings, pSAM2 can be transferred at high frequency, forming pocks, which are zones of growth inhibition of the recipient strain. The nucleotide sequences of the regions involved in pSAM2 transfer, pock formation, and maintenance have been determined. Seven putative open reading frames with the codon usage typical of Streptomyces genes have been identified: traSA (306 amino acids [aa]), orf84 (84 aa), spdA (224 aa), spdB (58 aa), spdC (51 aa), spdD (104 aa), and korSA (259 aa). traSA is essential for pSAM2 intermycelial transfer and pock formation. It could encode a protein with similarities to the major transfer protein, Tra, of pIJ101. TraSA protein contains a possible nucleotide-binding sequence and a transmembrane segment. spdA, spdB, spdC, and spdD influence pock size and transfer efficiency and may be required for intramycelial transfer. A kil-kor system similar to that of pIJ101 is associated with pSAM2 transfer: the korSA (kil-override) gene product could control the expression of the traSA gene, which has lethal effects when unregulated (Kil phenotype). The KorSA protein resembles KorA of pIJ101 and repressor proteins belonging to the GntR family.
2.Design of antibody-maytansinoid conjugates allows for efficient detoxification via liver metabolism.
Sun X;Widdison W;Mayo M;Wilhelm S;Leece B;Chari R;Singh R;Erickson H Bioconjug Chem. 2011 Apr 20;22(4):728-35. doi: 10.1021/bc100498q. Epub 2011 Mar 10.
Antibody-maytansinoid conjugates (AMCs) are targeted chemotherapeutic agents consisting of a potent microtubule-depolymerizing maytansinoid (DM1 or DM4) attached to lysine residues of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) using an uncleavable thioether linker or a stable disulfide linker. Most of the administered dose of an antibody-based therapeutic is slowly catabolized by the liver and other tissues of the reticuloendothelial system. Maytansinoids released from an AMC during this catabolic process could potentially be a source of toxicity. To investigate this, we isolated and identified liver metabolites in mice for three different [(3)H]AMCs with structures similar to those currently undergoing evaluation in the clinic. We then synthesized each metabolite to confirm the identification and assessed their cytotoxic potencies when added extracellularly. We found that the uncleavable mAb-SMCC-[(3)H]DM1 conjugate was degraded to a single major maytansinoid metabolite, lysine-SMCC-[(3)H]DM1, that was nearly 50-fold less cytotoxic than maytansine. The two disulfide-linked conjugates, mAb-SPP-[(3)H]DM1 and mAb-SPDB-[(3)H]DM4, were also found to be catabolized to the analogous lysine-linked maytansinoid metabolites.
3.SPdb--a signal peptide database.
Choo KH;Tan TW;Ranganathan S BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Oct 13;6:249.
BACKGROUND: ;The signal peptide plays an important role in protein targeting and protein translocation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This transient, short peptide sequence functions like a postal address on an envelope by targeting proteins for secretion or for transfer to specific organelles for further processing. Understanding how signal peptides function is crucial in predicting where proteins are translocated. To support this understanding, we present SPdb signal peptide database http://proline.bic.nus.edu.sg/spdb, a repository of experimentally determined and computationally predicted signal peptides.;RESULTS: ;SPdb integrates information from two sources (a) Swiss-Prot protein sequence database which is now part of UniProt and (b) EMBL nucleotide sequence database. The database update is semi-automated with human checking and verification of the data to ensure the correctness of the data stored. The latest release SPdb release 3.2 contains 18,146 entries of which 2,584 entries are experimentally verified signal sequences; the remaining 15,562 entries are either signal sequences that fail to meet our filtering criteria or entries that contain unverified signal sequences.
